How are African -Americans Represented on the Screen and in the Media Essay

How are African -Americans Represented on the Screen and in the Media - Essay Example African Americans have achieved prominence in many fields in American, still the media for racial and psycho – political reasons; have historically failed to project a balanced perspective of the Black experience. Mainstream media has systematically under – represented African Americans in genre outside sports, music and comedy and over represented Blacks as criminal or indigents. It shows that Blacks are takers and burden for the society. The news media of America rarely publicize Black’s contribution to American serious business, making their image appear that of an irresponsible community. Television news tend to illustrate welfare and poverty by portraying urban Black rather than rural whites. As per (Entman 59)â€Å"In its reporting on poverty, television paints a Bosch- like – landscape of social disruption and danger in which the principal actors, mainly Black, are visually associated with poverty as threat†. In earlier movies, African Americ ans were depicted as slaves and servants. Politically Blacks are depicted as sources of disruption, as victims, or as complaining supplicants. American belief about Black is based on what they observe in movies, television, dramas, newspaper, radio and other medias. Sadly, media elites may have some incentive to represent Black in negative terms. They want to appeal white and to entertain them showing their privilege and white dominion in the society. In his book (Covington 98)writes that ,â€Å"Across a whole range of media, the Black people are held responsible for their won poverty and violence because their under value class cause their self – defeating behaviors†. Even the black women characters in many films get implicated in the violence of males, especially the black single mothers who raise their sons alone. Films depict black single mothers as incapable of raising children, thereby blaming them for the poverty and violence that pervades underclass communities . Movies represent black women as hedonistic and oversexed and routinely cast them as drug addicts and prostitutes. Clearly crime also has increasingly become a way to talk about race differences in Hollywood, political campaigns and news media. In his journal (Balkaran ) mentions that ,â€Å" As a result of the overwhelming media focus on crime, drug use, gang violence, and other forms of anti-social behavior among African-Americans, the media have fostered a distorted and pernicious public perception of African-Americans†. Black males are constantly portrayed as dangerous and assaulting and killing each other in gang fights or brawls as a way of achieving manhood. Black woman also have long been represented as masculinized in media and films. As per (Murarka) â€Å"African Americans portrayals in the media are often times based on negative stereotypes they do not accurately portray reality†. According to (Hall 90)â€Å"Media has portrayed African American men as vio lent, menacing, and dangerous, often time having very dark skin and overly exaggerated†. This is kind of color representation of African males enhances negative evaluation on all the African American males. The media and films have always socially alienated African Americans throughout American history. Media consistently shows Black American youth as gang bangers, drug dealers, misogynists and gold wearing criminal misfits. In 1980s television

Hunter’s in The Snow Essay Example for Free

Hunter’s in The Snow Essay The story Hunter’s in the Snow is a fiction published in the year 1982. The author Tobias Wolff tells the story of three men Tub, Frank and Kenny who decide to go on a trip to the woods for hunting. As I read on I find that as the story develops the character unveils. The presentation of the characters does not reveal much and I come to know about the characters only through their actions and I keep guessing about their real self. The three characters who appear to be good friends at the surface have hidden secrets which they conceal from each other and these truths later on lead to their destruction. As the story develops I am surprised to know that they have bitterness for each other which are emphasized in the apt setting of the cold, drab winter time. Their arrogant conversations expose the inhuman complexities of the human nature which is as freezing and unemotional as the winter snow. There are a lot of autobiographical elements in the story and Wolff‘s life is seen within the characters. The opening seems fascinating to me, Tub had been waiting for an hour in the falling snow (Wolff 1) and this draws my curious mind into the story and I am eager to know what follows. The story also makes me reminiscent of my days of hunting with my father during the winter. The dialogues between the hunters remind me how we used to enjoy Mukherjee 2 talking and making fun. I like everything until Kenny appears to be going crazy. He starts hating certain things and shoots at them. It’s pathetic to read when he tells Tub; I hate you (Wolff 78) and before Kenny could pull the trigger Tub shoots Kenny right in the stomach and knocks him over backwards. But the most scheming part to me seems the way in which Frank and Tub behave after the incident. They stop at a coffee shop; forget that they have lost their notes and map and that they are driving in an opposite direction to the hospital. It is strange that with the conservations between the two friends I also become oblivious of the fact that Kenny is bleeding in the car. The efficacy of writing by the writer in relating the conversations between Frank and Tub is so heartfelt and the things revealed so shocking and horrendous that I almost forget the dying Kenny and when at the end I come to know he’s dead it does not surprise me much. The weakness of the story is the narration which is very distant and the speaker just states fact. It’s the setting and dialogues that give insight into the characters. The story is no doubt interesting but inhuman. I read the story Bullett in the Brain and this one attracted me too . The author presents his characters normal and sensible this moment and mad people the next moment. But the story instead of giving me answers to different life situations feels my mind with a lot of questions. It may appear normal that the men who are instinctively primeval are befitting with the primordial settings of the woods but I really cannot come to terms that how Frank and Tub stay so cool and talk on divorce, lust and such things while stuffing themselves with coffee and pancakes while Kenny bleeds to death. I really feel hatred towards them. May be to get rid of persecution they had to let him die. Therefore the story really does not end but it continues to develop in the hearts of readers like me who are eager to find the answers.

Soda bottle rocket :: essays research papers

Soda bottle rocket Purpose The students will investigate the effect of the rocket length upon the distance of flight. The students will also investigate the mass upon the distance flight. Background The students will proof Newton's third law of motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton's third law also applies to rockets. A rocket gets its lift from the gases pushing out of its tail. The force of the rocket pushing on these gases is the action force. The gases exert an equal but opposite force on the rocket, which forces the rocket up, this is called the reaction force. According to the original guide sheet, the two items NASA will be evaluating the rocket on will be distance flown and time aloft. A two liter bottle with a cone and fins. The time is measured by seconds that the bottle flays, starting when it lives from the launch pad until it rites the ground. The distance is how far it flew. The motion will be projectile. The average velocity will be the total distance of rocket sting measured. The average speed will be the total distance of rocket flight measured in meters and total amount of time aloft measured in seconds. The altitud e will be measured by an altimeter. The acceleration will speed up and change direction. The force can be the gravity. The kinetic energy will be the mass and velocity. The potential energy on the launch pad. Newton’s first law is about the state of motion of an object does not charge as long as the net force acting on the object is zero. His second law is about the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force acting on it divided by the object’s mass. Newton’s third law is whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object. The momentum is mass Ãâ€" velocity. The kinetic energy is the mass Ãâ€" velocity. Momentum is a property of any moving object. For a slow moving object it is given by the mass times the velocity of the object. For an object moving at close to the speed of light this definition gets modified. The total momentum is a conserved quantity in any process. Weight is the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity.

Ectasy and its Effects :: essays research papers

Club Drugs: Ecstasy In developing prevention efforts that target young people, prevention managers must design strategies to counter the increasing use and widespread availability of the club drug Ecstasy. Known as â€Å"the party drug,† Ecstasy is both a stimulant and a hallucinogen, and its effects are potentially life-threatening. Because it is inexpensive and easily accessible, Ecstasy is gaining in popularity. As reported in the Monitoring the Future Study (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA] 1999), 3.6 percent of 12th graders, 3.3 percent of 10th graders, and 1.8 percent of 8th graders said they had used the drug in 1998. From 1991 through 1998, use by college students increased from 0.9 percent to 2.4 percent and by adults, from 0.8 percent to 2.1 percent (NIDA, Facts About MDMA, 2000). What Is Ecstasy? Ecstasy is the street name for methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a chemical substance that combines methamphetamines with hallucinogenic properties. It is also known as X-TC, Adam, Clarity, and Lover’s Speed. Like all club drugs, Ecstasy is a combination of other illicit drugs. Because many different recipes are used to make Ecstasy, the risk of death and permanent brain damage are heightened when some substances are combined. It is available in tablet, capsule, or powder form; some manufacturers of the drug package it in capsules or generic tablets to imitate prescription drugs. The average cost is between $7 and $30 per pill. Among the variations of the drug is a new substance, Herbal Ecstasy, that is composed of ephedrine (ma huang) or pseudoephedrine and caffeine from the kola nut. Sold in tablet form, this drug may cause permanent brain damage and death (NIDA, Club Drugs: Just the Facts, 2000). What Side Effects Are Produced by Ecstasy? Ecstasy’s effects can last up to 24 hours. The drug produces immediate side effects, and some—such as confusion, depression, sleep problems, anxiety, and paranoia—can occur weeks after it is taken (NIDA, Community Drug Alert Bulletin on Club Drugs, 2000). Because Ecstasy alters serotonin levels in the brain, researchers have found that chronic use can lead to long-term or permanent damage to those parts of the brain critical to thought, memory, and pleasure (NIDA, Facts About MDMA, 2000).

Provide support to manage pain and discomfort Essay

Agreed ways are a set of rules, regulations, policies and procedures set out by the company which are kept in the office and are always available to be accessed. Care plans, policies and procedures always have to be followed and necessary precautions have to be taken. Before using any kind of methods to manage pain, the resident/service user needs to be assessed has every kind of pain relief can be potentially harmful. Care plans are made individually for a specific person. Care plans are made to bring comfort and support†¦ It’s important to be aware of communication, both verbal and non-verbal. It’s important to always communicate slowly and clearly so that the resident can understand you. Always try to empathize with your resident, (empathize to see from their point. I would ask on a scale of 1 to 10, 10 being the highest, and 1 being the lowest, how the pain feels, by communicating you can find out their pain level then inform the Nurse who will then check to se e if medication can be administered. Read more: Essay on Provide Support to Manage Pain and Discomfort If a resident cannot communicate verbally I would monitor their body language, i.e. face expressions, i.e. holding their hand, leg or limbs, this could be their way of expressing pain or by checking their turn charts, they might of been in the same position for a long time, i.e. on the left side for some time so by repositioning the resident your relieving them from discomfort and pain. I may be quiet difficult to express and communicate their pain i.e. said once but unclearly, you ask them to repeat themselves, they become angry and shout. Try to listen closely and clearly, it can be very difficult to concentrate energy to communicate, so any communication should be given 100% of your attention. All residents have different ways of communicating and different ways of understanding. All residents have different pain and discomfort levels. It’s important that we understand they are not being difficult or  awkward, just every resident has different types and ways of comfort and relief. Remember pain medication can cause – anger and frustration – verbally be aggressive – cause confusion – lack of concentration – not able to make clear choices or decisions – pain medication could also have an effect on their behaviour – make them sleepy Always consider and respect a resident’s culture and religion. It’s very important to remember â€Å"person centred care† = care is designed around the individual not individual around the care. Remember the purpose is to bring pain free, comfort, dignity and peace to your resident.

5 Types of Eponyms

5 Types of Eponyms 5 Types of Eponyms 5 Types of Eponyms By Mark Nichol Humans so frequently find proper names the names of specific people, places, or things to be so useful for describing generic objects or concepts or qualities that they co-opt the proper names, sometimes capitalized, and sometimes lowercased. Here are just some of the innumerable examples in English: 1. Product Eponyms Ubiquitous, market-defining product names often to the consternation of the companies that market them frequently enter the vernacular (in lowercase form) to describe any product in that class. Among these are aspirin, kleenex, and xerox, though other, more surprising examples include escalator, heroin, and zipper. In the United Kingdom (but not in the United States), biro and hoover are eponymous terms for pens and vacuum cleaners, respectively. 2. Historical and Geographical Eponyms Eponyms appear in the names of many geopolitical entities (Europe, Colombia, San Francisco) and geographical or nautical locations (Tasmania, the Bering Sea), either crediting a person with their discovery or otherwise associating them with a person or a personification. Historical figures lend their names to ideas associated with them: The words boycott, chauvinist, quisling, and sandwich all derive from personal names (but are lowercased). Such is also the case with draconian, epicurean, pyrrhic, and the like. However, political movements or philosophies, or historical eras, attached to personalities are uppercased: Reagonomics, Victorian. Various collections of people are associated with proper names for locations. These, generally lowercased, include bohemian, lesbian, and philistine. Likewise, some names of ethnic groups have similarly become identified with (often negative) personal qualities, leading to references, variably uppercased or lowercased, to being welshed (or welched) on or getting your Irish up, for example. (The first word in â€Å"scot-free,† by contrast, does not refer to the Scottish.) Famous people have also been associated with items or components of clothing, or material, which are lowercased: bloomer, cardigan, raglan. Likewise, slang words can be derived from real-life people, such as the verb bogart, or â€Å"Mae West,† the onetime nickname for a life vest. 3. Literary Eponyms Fictional characters often evoke such strong qualities that we assign their names to those qualities: faustian, quixotic. We also refer to people who exhibit qualities of literary characters by directly associating them, such as when we call someone a Casanova, a Romeo, or a Svengali (retaining initial capitalization), but some other such terms, such as lothario, are lowercased. Storytellers with a distinguishable quality have given their names (with initial capitalization intact) to literary criticism for the purposes of analogy, as in Dickensian (suggesting melodramatic poverty, eccentric characters, or jollity), Homeric (epic), and Proustian (evoking personal memories). Books named after the protagonist (Jane Eyre) and record albums identified by the musician’s or band’s name (David Bowie, The Beach Boys) are eponymic. 4. Mythological Eponyms Mythological characters also inspire eponyms, which generally retain initial capital letters: We refer to the Midas touch, to someone being a Hercules or a Venus, or an Achilles’ heel (traditionally, this possessive form does not include an s after the apostrophe). But we lowercase analogous terms such as chimera and gorgon, as well as atlas, erotic, and odyssey. (And don’t forget, or confuse, Tantalus and Sisyphus: Fortunately, their eponymous adjectives, tantalizing and Sisyphean note the difference in capitalization are clearly distinct.) 5. Scientific Eponyms In science, scientists and inventors are often honored for their work by having their names assigned (in lowercase form) to refer to units of scientific measurement, as in the cases of Rudolf Diesel, Alessandro Volta, and James Watt, or to processes (galvanism) or methods (algorithm). Likewise, botanists are immortalized by having their (lowercased) names grafted onto nomenclature for plants, as with dahlia, magnolia, and poinsettia. Innovations and discoveries are also often named after their discoverers or popularizers: â€Å"Avogadro’s number,† â€Å"Alzheimer’s disease.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your Story80 Idioms with the Word TimeI wish I were...

Advanced Management Essays

Advanced Management Essays Advanced Management Essay Advanced Management Essay Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 1) The Nature of Management (CH 1 7) 1. 1) W hat is management? ? Getting things done with/thru people – Mary Parker Follet ? Has certain principles and guidelines ? A combination of practice and theory ? Apply theory ? Practice without theory is limited by experience ? W hat is good in the past experience may not be good for the present time or future ? Knowledge with practice make a better manager ? Today’s definition of management is more technocrat. ? â€Å"Management is what managers do† Dr Lourdes. Managers manage and responsi ble for the work of others ? Does management matter? ? Good vs bad management ? Historically management is learned thru practice ? To run organization better ? More complex issues today ? Involves managing a lot of money ? Global competition. ? More challenging environment ? Application of management skills depends on individual ? Mintzberg – management mus be practised to be effective manager. ? Mismanagement issue ? Companies and government fail because of poor management 1. 2) W hat do managers do? Peter Drucker and tasks of manag ement. ? Peter Drucker define management by the tasks the managers do. . Set objectives 1. determine what objectives, goals 2. Organizes 1. analyze the activities, decisions and relations needed. 2. Classify work and divide into managable jobs. 3. Then group the jobs into org structure. 4. Then select people 3. Motivate communicate 1. Make a team, thru own practice, relation, 2. people decision on pay, placement promotion 3. thru constant communications with superiors and subordinates 4. Measurement 1. Establish yardstik to measure performance 2. Analyse, appraise and interpret performance 3. Communicate the meaning of the measurements 5. Develop people including himself 10 Managerial Roles of managers (Mintzberg) – p21, Ex 1. 7 ? Information processing roles 1. M onitor – seek and receive info, scan reports maintain personal contacts 2. Disseminator – forward info to other org members, send memos make calls 3. Spokeperson – transmit info to outsiders thru speechs, memo reports ? Decision-making roles 1 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 4. Entrepreneur – initiate improvement projects, identify new ideas delegate idea responsibilities 5. Disturbance handler take corrective actions during disputes crisis, resolve conflicts . Resource Allocator – decide who gets resources, schedule, budget, set priorities 7. Negotiator – represent dept during negotiation of union, sales, purchase, budget ? Interpersonal roles 8. Figurehead – perform ceremonial duties. Visitors, signing legal docs 9. Leader – direct and motivate subbordinates, train, counsel communicate 10. Liaison – maintain info link both inside and outside o rgs; use email, calls, meeting ? Mintzberg – typical activity patterns in managerial work ? Pace of work is hectic and unrelenting ? Content of work is varied and fragmanted. Doing a lot of things in one time. ? Many activities are reactive. Many problems are n ot planned. ? Interactions often involves peers or outsiders ? Horizontal interaction ? Outsiders – suppliers, government ? Networking activities ? Many interactions involve oral communications ? Phones more than emails/mails ? Decision processes are disorderly and poli tical ? Not systematic, not rational, practical limitation ? Political in nature ? Most plannings are informal and adaptive ? Short term planning decision ? Adaptive to situation around the company ? Making small changes ? The effective executive (Drucker) – p65 . Tasks of management: 1. Sets objectives / mission / goals / targets 2. Organize / plan 3. Motivate communicate ? Shared with employees 4. Measure performance ? Analyze, appraise, interpret performance 5. Develop people ? The effective Executive: ? Able to achieve organizational goal ? W e are not born to be effective but can be learned ? Manage time well ? Fighting well ? Make effective decision ? Concerned with results and not work. Not micro -manage. Management by exception ? Set priorities. Concentrate on things that matters. Identify critical factors for success ? Build on strength 2 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 2) The Evolution of Management Thought (CH 2) 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 The practice of management 1)Historical view The study of management 1)Drucker’s book â€Å"The Practice of Management† (1954) 2)Father of the study of management Schools of Management 1)Classical School ? Fredric Winslow Taylor – Scientific Management 1. Put a system to manage factory 2. Time motion study 3. Find a solution to motivate people to increase outpot 4. Study work productivity and efficiency 5. Ergonomics – physical environment conducive to work 6. W ork simplification ? Problems/weaknesses ? No input on human aspects ? Treat humans like machines Carrot-and-stick approcah to motivation ? Saw management as a science ? Found one best way to manage people – as law of science ? Henri Fayol – French mining engi neer ? Administrative principles ? More interested in how to manage an organization ? Identify functions of management. 14 general principles of mgmt ? Division of work ? Increase production by deviding work ? Authority and responsibility ? Manager must have authority ? Discipline ? Rules proccedures in organization ? Unity of command ? One employee reports to one boss ? Unity of direction ? One person one plan to decide activities to achieve org goal ? Subbordination of individual interest to the general interest ? Org interest first before employee’s own interest ? Remuneration ? People must be rewarded fairly ? Centralization ? Stike a balance between centralization vs decentralization ? Scalar chain ? Chain of comman from org chart is clear ? Order ? Rules, regulation procedures are in place ? Equity ? People are treated fairly. ? Stability of tenure of personnel ? People feel secure in employment 3 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? Initative ? Encourage creativity and innovation ? Esperit de corps Develop feeling of oneness or unity in org ? Criticism of Fayol ? Did not provide explanation on di fferent situation ? No empirical studies. Based on his experience. ? Tying to apply scientific approach to management ? W eber – German Sociologist. p36 ? Talk about structure and idea on Bureaucracy ? Interested in how to get a lot of people to work t ogether ? Charecteristics of Weberian Bureaucracy ? Division of labor with clear definition of authority and responsibility ? Positions organised in hierarchy of authority ? Managers subject to rules and procedures to ensure reliable behavior ? Management separate from ownership o f org Administrative acts and decisions recorded in writing ? Personnel selected and promoted based on technical qualification ? Criticisms ? Did not appreciate the social contex of work and needs of workers ? Did not acknowledge variance among individuals ? Regard workers as uninformed and ignore their ideas/suggestions. 2)Human Relation School – reaction to Classical school 1)Mayo Hawthorne Studies ? Professor Elton Mayo and Fritz Rocthlisberger ? Done in Hawthorne plant at the Western Electric Co in Chicago ? Study the lighting effects ? Control the lights and outputs of workers are measured ? Increased lighting, increase productivity Reduced lighting but productivity still increase ? Change the supervisor ? Human Relation Theory ? Self motivation theory ? Feeling of beign recognised as a person ? Treat people as people ? Human environment ? Company culture -humanities 3)Behavioral School – p404 1)Behavior of organizations: individual, group, organizational unit ? Experiment –how group functions? ? Individual in group is controlled by the group. Gro up think. ? Conformance – underperform or overperform ? Study of organizational behavior – why certain org behaves certain ways ? Treating people, move away from structure/functions Pyychologists sociologists study ? How to influence behavior? ? W hat motivate people? ? Personalities ? Perception of peoples 4 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? Leadership ? Behavior in org ? Individual ? Group ? Organizational unit 4)Social Systems School –Systems Approach. p45 46 ? W hat is a system? A set of interrelated parts that functi ons as a whole to achieve common purpose/goals. ? Performance of a system is greater than the sum of the parts ? S = A + B + C + D ? Synergy – because of the interactions between components. Organization is a systems. ? Parts = people + structure + policies + skills + stratergies of the companies ? The parts become the output of the organization ? To improve the performance of org ? Holistic approach – study the environment ? Looking into people + structure + policies + skills + stratergies of the companies ? A system can be Open or Close systems ? Close system – within boundry ? Open system – PEST Environment comes in (Political, Economic, Social Technology) ? Environments = political, culture, government policies, suppliers, legal, economies. ? Social System School – people is crucial factor )Decision Making School 1)Simon ? Look at oll the above elements ? Decision making behavior ? Unit of analysis – something is the core of the study ? Before you act, you decide ? Reductionist 3) Organizations – (CH10) 3. 1) W hat is an organization? ? Defined by characteristics ? A group of people working together to achieve common objective ? Structure ? Distribution of work, responsibility and authority ? System and processes ? How work to be done? ? Evaluatin system? ? Reward system? 3. 2) The formal organization and its characteristics ? Org charts ? Pictorial representation 3. 3) The informal organization Strategy followed by structure ? Does not follow the approved structure 5 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 3. 4) 3. 5) 3. 6) 3. 7) 4) ? Informal leader – knowledge based ? Communication ? Grapevine Organizational design ? Function departmentalization ? Product ? Area ? Process ? Customer ? Matrix – p238 – not unity in command ? Divisional ? Multidomestics eg Msia, Thailand Singapore ? Transnational – value chain Organ izational structure ? Level ? Authority – parity principle. Authority to make decision ? Accountability ? W ork Responsibilities ? Control ? Communication ? Unity of command New forms of organization ? Delayering – flat management ? Boundryless ? Decentralization ? Team management – p285 ? Virtual organization – p286 ? Network organization No one best form of organization ? W ays of looking at organization 1. As Economic system (mechanistic) 1. Resources come from outside ? process them to produce goods ? output sold to market (make profit) 2. As Social system (organic cultural) 1. People oriented like a living system. Organic cultural. 3. As Political system (power) Managing and Motivating People – (CH16) 4. ) How to motivate and manage people? ? No recipe for managing people. People treated as resource. Now people treated as capital – as a mean to an end. ? Depends on how we percieve people. ? Org should exist for the people ? Argument à ¢â‚¬â€œ manager want to achieve the goal of the org and not the goal of the people 4. 2) Some motivation theories: ? The â€Å"economic man† (Taylor) – Carrot-and-stick theory ? Taylor ? â€Å"man is selfish†. Self interest. Economic theory. 6 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? ? ? ? Financial reward, piece-meal. Give more to motivate people. Maximize limited resources Interested in productivity, efficiency, work structure and process Man is economic being. ? Positive – Man responds to reward (carrot) ? Rewards ? Promotion ? Kind words ? Recognition ? Negative – Man wants to avoid pain (stick) ? If not performing to expectation: ? Transfer to other dept ? W arning ? dismissal ? Criticisms / Limitations ? Taylorism is not the right way to treat people ? W hy some people are excited to work when they are not paid the highest? ? W hen people are satisfied money is less impo rtant as motivator. ? According to Maslow peole have different levels of needs ? Only works for certain people motivated by financial reward ? Carrot / rewards are limited ? How to distribute reward? ? Need to distribute fairly. ? The â€Å"social man† (Mayo). p468 ? Emphasis on rewarding people in a group ? Relationship is important ? The â€Å"psychological man† (Maslow, McClelland). Need as motivators. P472. Ex 16. 2 1. The hierarchy of needs ? Psychological – food, water, oxygen ? Safety – ? job security, freedom, work benefits ? lifelong employment – a Japanese idea is now abandoned ? American – hire fire concept ? Belongings – family, group ? Esteem – approval, recognition ? Motivation by Promotion ? Best employee of the month ? Open recognition ? Given a secretary, room, computer, car ? Self actualization – education, religion, hobby 2. Individuals have certain needs that are inherent or natural 3. Man is psychological being and has different needs . 4. Once a need is met or satisfied, that ne ed will no longer be as motivator 5. Only unmet needs are motivators 6. Underlining motive of the manager is to influence the individual behavior ? To be more productive ? affect the productivity of org 7 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? Find ways to influence behavior ? If economy ? then use carrot-and-stick method 7. Criticism of Maslow ? No empirical research ? Theory is based on experiments ? Not proven ? Only practical value (make sense) ? Limitation ? Because arranged in hierarchy ? In actual situation it is possible to have many needs at the same time and not in particular order ? Eg. When laid off – people are willing to take any job ? People are also motivated by beliefs and value rateher than needs 8. McLelland’s 3 needs ? predominently used to see wher an individual can function well in a job. ? Simplify the needs Need for achievement – RD, CEO jobs ? Need for affiliation – social need – NGO job, PR job ? Need for power – political jobs, big org jobs 9. Psychologist vs. Sociologist ? Psychologist – study individuals ? Personality of individuals ? Measurement – Myers Briggs. 6 major types of personality ? Maslow, McCllelland, Hertzberg, McGregor and Vr oom ? Sociologist – study people in a group ? Unit of analysis ? what are you studying? ? Unit of analysis in Sociology is group ? Study society – eg Hawthorn study. Group behavior, group norms, team conflicts, teambuilding. ? Study culture 10. Political scientists Unit of analysis is power ? W ho makes the key decision ? Monopoly of power ? Access to reward ? Punish others 11. Anthropologist ? Org exists within culture ? Examine organizational culture ? Value of culture ? Interaction ? Org built to last 2. The hygiene theory (Hertzberg), intrinsic vs extrinsic rewards. P471, 482, 487 1. Referred to as 2 factor theory ? motivators vs dissatisfiers ? Motivators ? Achievements ? Recognitions ? W ork itself ? Importance of job as motivator 8 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? Look at the job content Is it challenging, exciting as motivator? ? Concept of job design, job enlargement, job enrichmen t ? Personal growth ? Dissatisfiers ?. people become unhappy ? W orking conditions ? Pay and security ? Pay is dissatisfier if not enough ? Hertzberg does not treat money as motivator ? Supervisors ? Interpersonal relationship 2. Disagreement to Hertzberg theory ? Salary is only treated as dissatisfier and not as motivator ? Maybe tru in western culture ? In Asian society, salary is still the motivator. Money is important motivator ? W orking condition ? improving working condition is not enou gh to motivate people 3. Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic rewards ? Intrinsic The work must be rewarding ? Extrinsic – reward from outside the job 4. Two ways to manage people – theory X and theory Y (McGregor) – p42 1. 2 styles of management assumptions 2. Theory X ? People born irresponsible, basically lazy if let alone will not perform ? People need to be motivated ? People will not take responsibility of their own ? Close supervision is necessary 3. Theory Y ? People can take challange, can work on their own 4. Styles of Management – Theory X manager ? Negative assumption on people ? Strong leadership ? Micro manage ? Put in procedures and systems No empowerment 5. Styles of management – Theory Y Manager ? Participative styles of management ? Decentralization ? Empowerment ? 2 way communication 6. People respond to the styles of management ? Behave in accordance to the style of management ? Self fulfilling prophecy 7. Theory Z – Onuchi ? A combination of American and Jap anese elements ? In theory x people become lazy, become useless and become unperformed ? In theory Y people develop positive attitude and fulfill the assumption 5. Expectancy theory (Vroom). F=E x V. P476 1. F = force of motivation 2. E = expectency 9 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 3. V – value (the desired result) 4. The way employee will behave is dependent on the belief of ability to do work 5. F = hardwork (E) x promotion (V) ? here this company believes that by hardwork will lead to promotion. 6. The employee’s motivation depends on how the employee value promotion. 7. Or promotion is important to him but hardwork will not lead to promotion. 8. The significant is what is his belief or expectation. If he belief from the past experience that the effort does not meet the outcome then he is not motivated. ? Managing knowledge workers . KW are highly skillful, not loyal, achievement oriented, mobile 2. More motivated by McClelland motivational theory 3. Respond to theory Y manager 4. Vs manual worker who are more suitable for Taylor’s carrot -and-stick theory ? Managing workforce in diversity ? MNCs have workforce of different nationalities, cultural backgrounds, edu cation, religions etc ? The workforce has different value system, expectation due to cultural difference ? The people look at problems differently, approach problem differently. ? The benefits of solving are also different 1. 2) Managing constructive contention (Pascale) ? Book – Managing the Age How to manage to avoid conflict – for harmony? ? Pascal – such an org is not the right org for 21st century ? Conflist must be built into the system ? Don’t take conflict as negative ? Manager must be able to use conflict (disagreement in solving problem) ? Order disorder ? In Search of Excellence book – Peter Drucker 1. Many excellent companies have chaos 2. Peter Drucker use word Abandonement 3. He said in every 3 years the leaders must step back and ask â€Å"are we dong the right thing? If not then abandon. ? Jack Welch – ex CEO of GE asked Drucker’s question â€Å"If you weren’t already in this business, would you enter it toda y† Drucker – org must create environment for constructive contention for people to come forward with constructive ideas. 1. 3) Managing global workforce ? Fortune 500 companies ? Complicated – different time zone, decentralization, cultural difference 1. 4) Managing individual differences personalities. P413, 414, 415, 418 ? Certain things are common but are different in certain ways. It is a perceptual world. ? Depends on our background ? People are different and to be manage differently ? It is tough to manage individual differently because they want different things. ? Their personalities are also different Myers Briggs Type indicators ? Personality traits test ? W hat are the personality traits of employees? 10 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? ? ? ? ? 5) 16 different personalities If we know Mr. X is type Y personality then we know how to manage him. Attitude, values, perception 5 big pe rsonality factors 1. Extrovision 2. Agreeableness 3. Concientness 4. Emotional stability 5. Opennes to experience Holland’s personality Job Fit. p487 Giving meaning to work through engagement Type of personality characteristics 1. Realsitic Prefer physical activities that require skills, strength and coordination ? Eg. Job – mechanic, drill press operator, assemb ly line worker, farmer 2. Investigative ? Prefer activities involving thinking, organizing understanding ? Eg. Job economist, mathematician, news reporter 3. Conventional ? Prefer helping developing others ? Job – social worker, teacher, counselor 4. Enterprising ? Prefer verbal activities to influence and attain power ? Lawyer, PR, Business manager 5. Artistic ? Prefer ambiguous and unsystematic activities ? Job – painter, musician, writer Leadership 5. 1) W hat is organizational leadership? Many levels of leaders in org 5. 2) Is leadership important for organizational performance? Does lead ership matter? ? Jim Collins – book Built to Last ? From good to great ? Characteristics of lasting org ? 12, 13, 15 year everage lifespan ? Fortune 500 – average 50 years ? Culture, values, system, strategy ? Downplay leadership ? Accept idea that leaders do matter ? Called level 5 leadership. P436 ? Drucker does not play down leadership ? Does not differentiate leaders and managers ? A good manager will do all the good things a good leader will do ? A good manager is not necessarily a good leader W arren Benis / John Kotter – Success can be quantified ? At least 15% of success is attributed to leadership. Quoted by Buckingham 5. 3) Leadership studies: ? Traits – what traits leaders should have 11 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 1. 1) 5. 4) 5. 5) 5. 6) 6) ? Behavioral approach – styles of leadership ? Leadership styles and behaviors: There is no one effective leadership. Depend ing on situation and readiness of the people. ? Autocratic ? Democratic ? Laissez-faire – manager does not want to decide ? Bureaucratic 1. Role oriented, process oriented 2. More manager than leader ? Transactional 1. Manager who do not establish long term relationship 2. Event oriented ? Transformational 1. Introduce major changes 2. Revolutionizing, moving to new direction ? Theory X ? Theory Y ? Task oriented vs. People oriented– p445. Ex15. 6 1. Task oriented – getting work done 2. People oriented – relationship is important 3. Mouton’s managerial grid 1. The Leadership Grid 2. Country Club management 3. Authority compience ? Idealistic Leadership style – team management ? Impoverished management ? Ethical leadership – principle-centered. Situational / Contingency leadership (Fiedler) –p446, 447, 448, 449 ? Fiedler – depends on the contongency of the situation 1. Under certain situation people oriented leader is better 2. Under certain situation task oriented leader is better ? Situation: Favorable vs. Unfavorable 1. 8 situations ? Hersey Blanchard Leadership Sytles ? Based on readiness to take on responsibilities 1. Telling style 2. Selling style 3. Participating style 4. Delegating style Leadership styles and organizational life cycles. Leaders and managers – similarities and differences. P442 ? Buckingham – Leaders are concerned about the future ? Establish the purpose ? Rally people to follow the leader Managers do things right ? Leaders do the right things Impact of culture on leadership – what is expected of leaders in different cultures (Hofstede) – p105 Problem Solving and Dicision Making (CH9) 12 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 6. 1) Decision making as a key managerial tas k (Simon) ? Decision making is a choice from 2 or more available alternatives that have uncertain consequences 6. 2) The decision making process: ? Define the decision problem ? Seek alternative solutions ? Evaluate the alternatives ? cost benefit analysis Select / decide on the â€Å"best† alternative (quantitative and qualitative analysis) ? Implement the alternative selected ? Review results and take remedial actions 6. 3) The premises of decisions: ? Facts ? Values/beliefs 6. 4) Limitations of rational decision making ? Information – not enough ? Analysis ? Assumptions ? Value and cultures ? Context – surronding circumstances ? Personaliy of decision maker 6. 5) Concept of â€Å"bounded† rati onality. P243 ? People have limits or boundries on how rational they can be ? Within that boundry, how do we improve the rationality? ? By adapting certain decision models 6. ) W hat is â€Å"good† decision? 6. 7) Some decision models ? Rational-comprehens ive model ? Incremental model (Lindblom, Quinn) ? List all the alternatives ? Look for alternative that is minimum in incrementally difference ? Don’t choose the alternative that is too far from current process ? Least risk ? Satisficing model (Herbert Simon) – p243 ? First set criteria for your solution ? Choose good enough decision 6. 8) Group decision making – pros and cons ? Group think (no disagreement) vs. Individual think (fast – after consulting people) 6. 9) Decision making styles: ? Telling ? Selling ? Participation ? Delegating ? Likert-System 1-4 Utocratic ? Participative – Japanese style. Support the dicision 13 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 7) Managing Change and Innovation 7. 1) Organization as open social systems ? Org has to innovate because of external influences such as globalization, turbulence and competition. Forces come from environment a nd from withi n the organization. Customer wants better customer service, better products and cheaper price. ? Innovation is completely new way organizing the traditional process, and change the way of life or the way society works. North Korea is a closed system that the leader’s decision to purchase arms does not alter the social system ? China, although a communicat, is pro-capitalist today that they are open social system 7. 2) Need to evolve and adapt to environmental changes (organic model) ? Organization as a living system ? Organic vs mechanistic ? Capacity to adapt to the environment ? Business fails becaus fail to adapt to the environment 7. 3) Role of leadership in organizational change (change agent) ? Anyone in organization can initiate change (Japanese idea) ? Quality Circle and Lean Production concept ? Leaders as major change agents. Give direction to change. ? Manager mantian change 7. 4) Nature of change: ? Evolutionary / incremental – small changes every day ? Revolutionary / transformational – eg new governement in power ? Planned – experiement the new way of doing business. Decided by management. ? Emergent – emerge from within/below organization 7. 5) The change process: ? Kurt Lewin’s model. p320 1) Unfreeze – remove, abandon, destruction 2) Change – bring in new processes, implement change, commi t to the change 3) Refreeze – maintain the commitment to the new process ? Criticism ? Problem with 3rd step – Refreeze. Works in stable society. . In turbulent environment (current) or not stable environment – so many factors cannot be done. 2. Environment is fluid and adaptive 3. Those who do not adapt will be left behind 4. American org is operating in â€Å"white waters† 5. The concept of stability will not work 6. Org are ruthless/c haos and constantly moving ? Force-Field analysys. P324. Ex 11. 7 ? Driving forces – need for change ? Restraining forces – barrier to change ? Build of coalition of people to support change ? Kotter’s model (8 phases) 1. Establish a sense of urgency ? Show people the need for change urgently ? If not the org will die 2. Create coalition 14 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ? Align with people from inside and outside the org to support change ? The ability to influence people to support (political ability) Develop a clear vision ? Show what are the end results Share the vision ? Shared valued by all in the org ? Must be accepted by the org Empower people to clear obstacles ? Delegate power ? Structure for implementation Secure short-term wins ? Celebrate short wins to keep the excitement ? So people know we are achieving short term targets Showing progress ? Bring enthusiasm and energy to implement change Consolidate and keep moving ? Encouraging people ? Reward people ? Training people Anchor ? Build safeguard to implement ? So the change lasts ? Support the people to ensure change process are implemented/ continued ? Institutionalise the change ? Make it part of the org process, routine, practice 7. 6) Resistance to organizational change and innovation. P322 ? Leadership 1. Change implies threat / uncertainty 2. Need to change new knowledge 3. Change may affect people. Restructuring, losing jobs. 4. Will I be the CEO after merger? Organizational culture 1. That is the way we do it 2. That is the value for last 100 years ? Success (good is enemy of great – Jim Collins) 1. Stop to change / innovate 2. Complecency 3. Arrogant 4. Internal decay ? Organizational environment 1. If no competition become complecent 2. Protection policy 7. 7) Concept os â€Å"inflection† point (Andy Grove) ? Andy Groove is founder of Intel ? Book – Only the Paranoids Survive ? Inflection point is the point at which the company is at critical stage of future direction ? Intel was loosing competitiveness to competitors ? Move from microchip mfg to micropocessors mfg Introducing new major change / direction of the company 15 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, Internationa l Edition by Richard L. Daft 7. 8) Continuous change – learning organization (Peter Senge) ? Learning companies – 3M, Microsoft, Apple, GE ? Vs. Static companies ? Creative ? Size becomes a problem to learning org ? Interpreneurship ? How do manager create learning org? 1. Abandonment (Drucker) 2. Cannibalizing own product. Peter Sange’s Fifth Discipline 7. 9) Developing the creative organization (OD) Structure the org to increase creativity 1. Delayering 2. Managing KW 3. Attracting talents 4. Human talent management – invest in people 5. Empowerment 6. Reward ideas 7. Diversity in workforce – create constructive conflicts of ideas 8. Creating Knowledge Management system 7. 10) Managing innovation in organizations ? Concept of innovation ? Product – new product development ? Service 1. Banking 2. Retailer – efficient service, fast to replace setup 3. Education – online education 4. Ebusiness concept ? Process – improvement 1. Manufacturing process – Toyota’s JIT and six sigma 2. Banking –faster payment process 3. Mechanization of technology 4. Controlling process ? Business model . The way you do business 2. Dell – sell PC online 3. IBM – sell thru resellers 4. Direct Marketing 5. AirAsia – Low cost carrier ? Sustaining 1. To meet the requirement of the market ? Disruptive (Christensen) 1. Christensen – The Innovator’s Dilemma 2. New technologies emerge t hat change the way society function. 3. Eg. Steam engine, telecommunication, microfinancing. 4. Change the way business is done 5. Eg. Smartphone, mobile marketing ? Innovation and competitive advantage ? Managing innovation ? Can it be managed? 1. Yes. A lot of factors. Structures to manage innovation. 16 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? ? ? ? ? ? ? People (talent) Management Organization Corporate culture – culture can be hindrance Closed innovation – innovation comes within the org ? RD Open innovation – from outside the org 1. From customers 2. Suppliers 3. Partners 4. Univesity researchers 5. Different industries Eg. Volvo does not use assembly line 1. Job enrichment 2. Design the job 3. Org development – learning org 4. Create pro-change org ? corp culture 5. Restructure the org 8) Management and Culture ? Is management universal or culture-bound? ? Management principles are common Management tasks that Drucker identified are applied ? But difference depends on the environment ? Affect management style ? Different to manage companies in Asia and US ? Culture, values belief ? Management is culture bound. Management is not neutral. ? Application of management tasks depends on culture ? American generally value s individual performance. ? Value placed on individual ? Reward on individual performance ? Paid according to contribution 1. Carrot-and-stick method ? American value individual freedom ? Japanese generally value group performance ? Performance evaluation is based on the group . Concensus 2. Group relationship 3. Group harmony 4. Individual must be sacrifice for the group ? Islamic managment ? Emphasis on the group ? Belief ? Gender ? Justice ? Knowledge is revealed by God ? Confucian management ? Group ? Respect to elders ? Go behind the doctrin 17 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? Chinese ? Autocratic ? Importance of working with people ? Confirming to religous beliefs ? Impact of culture on management (Hofstede) – p105 p80. ? 5 cultural dimensions 1. Power distance – the distribution of power 2. Individualism collectivism 3. Masculinity feminity 4. Uncertainty avoidance 5. Long term orientation ? American values in management theories ? Legislative ? Democratic ? Individual reward ? Asian management (Mendoza) ? W omen treated differently 9) Management Challanges in the 21st Century ? Globalization ? W hat happens to the other part of the world will affect you ? Affect the growth ? Provide unlimited opportunity ? Removal of barriers ? Challanges global economy ? Uncertainty and turbulance ? Because of globalization, changing technology, political turmoil, revolution, property bubble make the world unstable Managers assess the impact and decide whether to enter business in certain countries ? PEST – Political, Economical, Social and Technology ? Economiy – unstable, currency fluctuating, oil price, energy issue ? Social – aspiration of the people, demographic changes ? Technology – new product that makes your product obselete ? Cultural diversity – CH12 ? Future org will be more diverse culturally since people come from different nationality, language religion ? Managing will be a challange ? Global operation, different political system ? Organization structure ? Centralization Reward system ? Knowledge management ? How to manage Knowledge Workers? ? Demand autonomy, no loyalty, more mobile, more participative decision ? Requires new way of managing KW ? Acquisition and alliance (networks) ? New skills for manager – how do I manage merger? ? How to manage network, partners, suppliers? ? How do I relate to them? 18 Module: Advanced Management Text Book: New Era of Management, International Edition by Richard L. Daft ? Managing technology and innovation ? Company needs to innovate ? Ethics and social responsibility (multiple stakeholders) – CH5 19

Life Essays

Life Essays Life Essay Life Essay Due Date: You will choose a time period from the 1 asss to the SASS: Research what was going socially, politically, economically during that time period You are then going to write a paper analyzing the time period and whatever topic you have chosen trying to express the connection between time, place and societal happenings and an aspect of the Humanities. Ex. Talk about an art movement etc, that occurred during the time period you choose. You might want to go the route of picking out songs that were popular during the time and analyze how the lyrics reflect the sentiment of the time. You might want to pick a film like Easy Rider and tell why you think it represents the mindset of freedom of the open road and restlessness of the sixties. Another Idea you might try Is research a type of music and how It reflected the time period. An example of this Is to look at the Jazz music In the sasss and tell about It represented a frenetic energy of time. You could look at how teens dressed In the fifties In comparison to how they began to dress In the slates and explain what was going on in the different decades to cause the difference. There are many different angles to go with on this assignment. The main thing you want to get out of this is how music, fashion, art, literature etc. Reflect what is going on in society at a given time period. You might want to even look at when a certain type of art began and see if there was anything going during that time in the art realm that made print making a much needed art form. You could look at a style of art such as graffiti or performance art and see when and where it began and analyze what was going on at the location or time period that facilitated the art form growing. You might want to look at Beat Poetry and see how the poets voiced the happening of the offs and sasss. You might want to analyze hip hop music and compare It to something like slave narratives and see how each may or may not reflect the different voices and mindsets of the African American cultures. As one of the examples that will be posted a detent wrote on the Star Wars phenomenon and how it affected American pop culture over past several decades Write a paper on a specific art or literature movement. Or you may choose an artist, or singer whose music or art may be a representation of a specific time period. Singer. You might want to focus on a specific religion or philosophy of a specific time period. You could also look at modern movies such as Super-Size Me and analyze why the fast food culture has harmed Americans and their health. Using a film to convey a state of societal concern or mindset has become very popular with films such as Bowling for Columbine and Super-Size Me to add social commentary about timely topics such as obesity and opinions on gun control. For Instance The Columbine Shootings re-awakened the right to bear arms debate that has been going on for decades and centuries, the question Is winy 010 It so napped Tanat tons tragedy re-awakened teen Tate to a null fever pitch. Was it the power of film? Was it Americans saying enough we have to protect ourselves within our own borders and against our neighbors? Whatever the opinion or answer it reflects societal mindset and perhaps a change in that mindset. Another idea might be to look at the representation of the human body in art at efferent time periods, in B.

Externalities of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Externalities of Education - Essay Example Public Education and Decreasing Unemployment Levels: Rising levels of public education decrease unemployment levels so public education proves to be a positive externality. In developed countries where higher education is being more public, the level of unemployment further decreases. Moreover, in countries where technical education becomes more public this rate goes further down. When professional and skilled learning becomes public, it also increases the labor mobility rate and labor starts moving towards better occupation from traditional to more professional. Public Education Raises Living Standards: Public education is a positive externality as it raises the living standards of people. With the increase in technical and skillful education at public level, people start getting awareness about modern technology and pave their ways towards better living. Public education offers more chances towards advancement and development especially for common man. Comparatively, it is cheap than private education so more people have opportunity to achieve the benefits. Public education is readily available which also makes common man to reap the full benefits from this system of education. Public Education and the Level of Awareness among People: As already mentioned, public education can be readily available so with the help of this education system more and more people can get awareness about common issues regarding health and fitness, balanced diet, pollution etc. So, again we can easily say that public education is a positive externality because of its social benefits. When we analyze the existence of public K-12 school systems versus Private K-12 Schooling system, we can examine various points pro and against the existence of these two. It is important to understand that both the systems have their own advantages as well as drawbacks. Most of the

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Pharmacology studies - Case Study Example It busulfan falls in the categories of immunosuppressive Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating agents and Myeloablative Agents. It works by interupting replication of DNA and transcription of RNA ultimately causing disruption in the nucleic acid functions. In the end it induces irreversible apoptosis and therefore disrupts the spread of cancerous cells. Busulfan is used therapeutically in synergy with cyclophosphamide to produce a conditioning course of therapy before progenitor cell transplant protocols in Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia. The drug is also used widely in the used as part of the pre-transplant preparations for those patients requiring bone marrow transplants for advanced Myeloid LeuKaemia as well as other conditions that are non-malignant. This is therefore a very important chemotherapeutic agent in the management of Myeloid Leukaemia and other non-malignant cancers due its apoptosis causing effects on target cancerous cells. The drug is in three forms i.e. 2mg tablets; 25 mg capsules a liquid injection. Delivery of the drug is therefore possible through the oral and intravenous routes. When used in the treatment of Chronic Myeloid leukaemia, the drug should be given as follows; the patient should first be pre-medicated with anti-convulsion drugs followed by an initial busulfan dose of 60 mcg/kg/day or 1.8 mg/m ²; 4-8 mg PO qDay. Maintenance doses should be given subsequently at 1-4 mg/day to 2 mg/week PO. The patient is closely monitored and once the white blood cell count is 50,000/mcl the initial dosage should be resumed. When given in combination with cyclophosphamide, an intravenous dose of 0.8 mg/kg at intervals of 6 hours for four days until WBC count reaches 15,000/mm3. When preparing an intravenous injection dose the preferred diluents are NS or and D5W. It should be prepared with diluents volume being 10 times that of busulfan until the desirable concentration of >0.5 mg/ml is attained. The preparation is then prepared through

Strategic Management Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management Plan - Essay Example In reference to the reports and records from leading economist, they advocate that, any strategic plan should begin with the initiatives from the stakeholders (Mintzberg, 2007, p.37). In precision, strategic management is an activity under a high level of managerial practices whose basis is goals over tactics. This means that the management team must formulate goals which will out do its competitors’ strategies. By so doing, the organization will have the capability of maintaining a sustainable share in the competitive business environment. This is an article discussing the strategic management plan of PPQ Parts. It s location is in United States and it is leading in meeting its customers demand. The company has not set strong root in reference to its international business structure. The article analyzes the firm’s strategic plans for the next 4 years so as to meet the gaps in its structure. Among the company’s, four years strategic plans are:- 1. Increasing the number employees by from 5,000 to 10,000 (the 5,000 employees work in the branches within USA). 2. Increasing of equipment for international expansion will rise by 80% 3. Increasing the company’s world market share from 5% to 9% 4. Increasing the stock price from $10 to $22 5. Increasing annual profit share from 6% to 13% (the firm’s annually average profits is6%) 6. ... one its corporate value) Other short term goals of the company are reduction in expenditures, high level of security, creativity and innovation, among others. This will act as the subsidiaries of the long term goals (Mintzberg, 2007, p.37). Environmental scanning of current conditions This is an explanation of the ongoing activities in the economy world. It encompasses different items, which in one way or the other may deter the achievement of the goals. These situations may also favor the achievement of the goal. It is the duty of management together with the other stakeholder to ensure that all stabling blocks do not affect the objectives. This will only be met by coordination and communication between different parties in the organization. In reference to the environment, there are many factors affect the process of meeting long term plans. This is because the plans work on the basis assumptions, by putting some of the parameters as constants yet they are not definite. These varia bles include changes in the economy, prevailing competition, and political stability (Chandler, 2010, p. 45). Economy PPQ is a company in the United; the national has a stable economy, thus favoring the stability of the economy. This is as a result of the government’s measures in protecting the business environment of the country. For the strategic plan to realist, the management of the company should consider the possibilities of changes the value of money. This is because, within the four years, there may be differences like those experienced in the year 2008 (global recessions resulting from changes in the price of oil). The company should be ready to offer terms that increase the rate of stock turnover. Other strategies, which are applicable to these instances, are innovation and

Voting Right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Voting Right - Essay Example However, in the years since the words of the Declaration of Independence were put to parchment, the Supreme Court has, more often than not, shown that it will uphold the status quo of society, and deny the right to vote to women and those of minorities, rather than affirming and advancing it. Though there have been some instances of advancement occurring, they are not as plentiful as those that do not. The list of cases for both protection and denial of voting rights spans not only decades of history, but could also span volumes of pages. As always with multiple examples, there are those that best exemplify things, and I believe that the cases of United States v. Reese in 1876 as well as Minor v. Happersett in 1874 are the best examples of the Supreme Court denying voting rights, while the cases of Smith v. Allwright in 1944 and Baker v. Carr in 1962 are the best examples of both advancing the right to vote and ensuring protection for it. Both United States v. Reese and Minor v. ... In United States v. Reese, an election inspector, Hiram Reese, had refused to allow William Garner, who was an African-American, to vote in a Lexington, Kentucky election, due to the fact that he had not paid a poll tax of $1.50. In Minor v. Happersett Mrs. Virginia Minor, leader of the suffrage movement for women in Missouri, brought suit against a registration officer when he refused to add her name to the list of registered voters, due to her gender. Garner alleged that he had attempted to pay the poll tax and had been refused, while Mrs. Minor alleged that she was a citizen, and all citizens had the right to vote, therefore she had the right to vote. The Supreme Court in United States v. Reese ruled that the Fifteenth Amendment â€Å"does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone†, meaning that just because he was African American did not mean that Garner had the right to vote. The result of this case was that states were able to continually deny the vote to African Ame ricans, not based on race, but on other requirements such as literacy and nonpayment of poll taxes. In Minor v. Happersett, the Supreme Court went further, stating that though the Fourteenth Amendment gave all citizens the right to vote, and Mrs. Minor was indeed a citizen, the Constitution did not specifically give women the right to vote. This decision was all the more ridiculous because the Constitution did not provide for many things that had since come into existence in the United States and had worked quite well, yet women were still denied the right to vote because it did not exist in the Constitution. Both of these cases are examples of the Supreme Court not only denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States, but acknowledging that legislation existed that could have

5 paragraph essay In what instances of your own life has malleability

5 paragraph In what instances of your own life has malleability been a factor in success or failure - Essay Example Usually malleability is considered to be a good property to have in the natural sciences. Being malleable means to be adaptable, to take outside influences to improve one’s own personal properties or strong points. Therefore using malleability is a recognised means of driving forward self-improvement and personal development as well. Arguably malleability is also about having to react to different kinds of pressures and other developments which could well be beyond personal control or an individual’s ability to chose. Malleability has played a prominent role in and being a notable factor in personal self-development as well as success. Malleability has allowed for the adoption of thoughts, activities, and the gaining of enhanced personal attributes to thrive at school, college, university, in paid employment, and within in various social groups. Malleability is a personal attribute that is priceless when it comes down to having a flexible approach which allows one to fit in and be very useful in most if not all social, academic, and employment circumstances. As a personal quality malleability means being able to adjust to all circumstances under varying degrees of pressure or high levels of expectations to achieve the desired outcomes and results. In other words demonstrating the personal quality of malleability is a key element in achieving success in academic, social, and employment situations that have already arisen or will arise in the future. Academic institutions, social groups, and businesses all need and will benefit from having people available to them who could clearly show their personal malleability to contribute to team working and decision-making. Malleability could and does make the difference between success or failure, a sound decision or an unsound decision. Personally speaking, or more accurately writing, malleability has

Voting Right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Voting Right - Essay Example However, in the years since the words of the Declaration of Independence were put to parchment, the Supreme Court has, more often than not, shown that it will uphold the status quo of society, and deny the right to vote to women and those of minorities, rather than affirming and advancing it. Though there have been some instances of advancement occurring, they are not as plentiful as those that do not. The list of cases for both protection and denial of voting rights spans not only decades of history, but could also span volumes of pages. As always with multiple examples, there are those that best exemplify things, and I believe that the cases of United States v. Reese in 1876 as well as Minor v. Happersett in 1874 are the best examples of the Supreme Court denying voting rights, while the cases of Smith v. Allwright in 1944 and Baker v. Carr in 1962 are the best examples of both advancing the right to vote and ensuring protection for it. Both United States v. Reese and Minor v. ... In United States v. Reese, an election inspector, Hiram Reese, had refused to allow William Garner, who was an African-American, to vote in a Lexington, Kentucky election, due to the fact that he had not paid a poll tax of $1.50. In Minor v. Happersett Mrs. Virginia Minor, leader of the suffrage movement for women in Missouri, brought suit against a registration officer when he refused to add her name to the list of registered voters, due to her gender. Garner alleged that he had attempted to pay the poll tax and had been refused, while Mrs. Minor alleged that she was a citizen, and all citizens had the right to vote, therefore she had the right to vote. The Supreme Court in United States v. Reese ruled that the Fifteenth Amendment â€Å"does not confer the right of suffrage upon anyone†, meaning that just because he was African American did not mean that Garner had the right to vote. The result of this case was that states were able to continually deny the vote to African Ame ricans, not based on race, but on other requirements such as literacy and nonpayment of poll taxes. In Minor v. Happersett, the Supreme Court went further, stating that though the Fourteenth Amendment gave all citizens the right to vote, and Mrs. Minor was indeed a citizen, the Constitution did not specifically give women the right to vote. This decision was all the more ridiculous because the Constitution did not provide for many things that had since come into existence in the United States and had worked quite well, yet women were still denied the right to vote because it did not exist in the Constitution. Both of these cases are examples of the Supreme Court not only denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States, but acknowledging that legislation existed that could have

Cyperethics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Cyperethics - Article Example Explain this difference, and the role this difference plays in his theory. Also, make sure to explain how, according to Mill, one can tell whether a pleasure is higher or lower quality. When Mill says this, he refers to the existing difference between the amount of pleasure and the level of value each type of pleasure may have. In this case, quantity motivates some people to choose a certain pleasure while quality may motivate others to choose a different type of pleasure because of the value attached to it. He explains that, it is possible to determine pleasure of low or high quality (Mill, 2008). If a certain type of pleasure (P1) is preferred by people, irrespective of its low amount compared to a higher amount of a different pleasure (P2), then it means that P1 is of a higher value compared to P2. Mill refers to the argument of opponents of utilitarianism that utility is opposed to pleasure as an ignorant blunder. This is because it is evident that utilitarianism seeks to consider pleasure itself as well as a condition free of pain and does not oppose it (Mill, 2008). This is the reason why he considers it a measure of ignorance to claim that utilitarianism is against pleasure. 6. Kant argues that false promises (promises you have no intention of keeping) are morally wrong. Explain why he thinks they are wrong based on his first formulation of the Categorical Imperative (it is in bold on p. 24 from our excerpt). According to Kant’s first formulation of the categorical imperative, it is wrong to give false promises when one is aware that he or she may not fulfill them. This is because the formulation says â€Å"Act as though the maxim of your action were to become, through your will, a universal law of nature.† Since an individual wouldn’t want giving false promises to become a universal law of nature, he or she should focus on keeping promises as that would be a

Average & Range Essay Example for Free

Average Range Essay Calculate X-Bar-Bar, R-Bar, and associated control limits using the data in the table above. Create X-Bar†¢R (Average Range) Control Charts from the data in the table above. Discuss notable out-of-control conditions displayed in the completed X-Bar†¢R (Average Range) Control Charts. Only consider points outside the control limits. Do not consider runs, set of points within certain zones, and so forth. If the conditions you note could be defined as assignable conditions, and they are removed from the process, then what will happen to the X-Bar†¢R Control Chart? Remove the data related to the out-of-control points you observed from the original data, and recalculate new X-Bar-Bar, R-Bar, and associated control limits. Create new X-Bar†¢R (Average Range) Control Charts from your updated data. Discuss how the two sets of Control Charts are different. What has changed? The format of the case study should conform to the Publication Manual for the American Psychological Association (APA), 6th edition, for the title page and text. Citations and references are not required. A basic APA tutorial can be found in the Webliography, and a paper template can be found in Doc Sharing. The completed case study will be submitted to your Dropbox as an MS Word document. All graphics and charts will be a part of the Word document and submitted as a file. Documents authored in other applications such as WordPerfect or MS Works will not be accepted. This project is to be accomplished individually, and it will reflect the work of each student. All DeVry University policies are in effect, including the plagiarism policy. Late papers will not be accepted without prior permission.

Importance Of Organizational Culture To An Understanding Business Essay

Importance Of Organizational Culture To An Understanding Business Essay Organizational culture refers to a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations (Schein 1985 and Becker 1982). Organizational culture provides employees with a clear understanding of the the way things are done around here. (Dessler 1976) provides three different approaches to define the culture- structural, subjective and synthetic. The structural approaches define culture as a set of enduring characteristics which describe and organization, differentiate it from other organization and affect the behavior of human resource in it. The subjective approaches analyses culture from the standpoint of the feel that people have for the organization. The Synthetic approaches stress both structural and subjective elements. According to this view, organizational culture is the perceived, subjective influence of the formal system, the informal style of managers and other significant environmental factors on the attitudes, beliefs; values and motivation of people in particular organization (Litwin and Stringer 1986). Organizational culture, therefore, can be defined as a set of attributes which are perceived by the individuals and which are deemed to have an impact on the willingness of the individual to perform at his best. In fact, culture is what one reacts to both physical and psychological and which ultimately determines the quality of the organization. Recent research suggests that there are ten primary characteristics that, in aggregate, capture the essence of organizations culture. (Dwivedi 1995). Importance of organizational culture Every organization has its unique style of working which often contributes to its culture. The beliefs, ideologies, principles and values of an organization form its culture. The culture of the workplace controls the way employees behave themselves as well as with people outside the organization. The culture decide the way employee interact themselves at workplace, a healthy culture encourage employees to stay motivated and loyal towards the management. Employees try their level best to perform better than their fellow workers and earn recognition and appreciation of the superiors. It is the culture of the workplace which actually motivates the employees to perform. Every organization must have set guidelines for the employees to work accordingly. (Feldman 2002) The culture of an organization represents certain predefined policies which guide the employees and give them a sense of direction at the workplace. Every individual is clear about his roles and responsibilities in the organization and know how to accomplish the tasks ahead of the deadlines. Certain organizations follow a culture where all the employees irrespective of their designations have to step into the office on time. Such a culture encourages the employees to be punctual which eventually benefits them in the long run. It is the culture of the organization which makes the individuals a successful professional. (Schein 2010) Example: Haier Such as domestic and foreign, there are many excellent enterprises, their organizational culture is doing very well, not only to become the consensus of their employees, but also become the other signs, such as respect for the spirit of innovation. Haier, the Chinese home appliance industry is rare to challenge the national and foreign investment enterprises, in the course of development in more than 20 years, Haier has to generate distinctive culture system: from concept to strategy, from talent to technology, to the service from the market, Haier innovation not only the achievements of the development of enterprises, and the staff has also been widely recognized. Enterprises have such a famous global brand is to be treated as such: Culture, is an emotion. (Wang 2009) Organizational culture is kind of material culture, when people mention about Coca-Cola, we know that brand, is an emotion; by South Koreas Samsung Electronics, we all know that the brand meaning pursuit of excellence; Haier, we know brand as advocating innovation; Microsoft, we think that brand is the culture of passion .These are the material culture of a reflection of penetrating the space-time, a far-reaching impact.These three cultures, like the three circles, the corporate culture is the center of the circle, always rotate around the corporate culture. Enterprises to improve the overall quality of within growth cohesion, outer increase competitiveness, enterprise development strategies; the role of culture is very prominent. In a sense, the importance of corporate culture even is not limited to the enterprise itself, but also has a far-reaching impact on the community big. After a good corporate culture nurtured the talent, the importance of social self-evident. Body Organizational culture influence on strategic management 1 .Organizational culture is the foundation of strategic management The organizational culture is a spirit cultural, it get the whole enterprise together. As the corporate culture is tested by time, constantly sum up, recognized by the corporate members. It out on behalf of a business, can be said is another sign; inward is the manifestation of the cohesion of the enterprise, but also the belief of all members of the, and it can contribute to all members of the advance toward the same goal. The corporate culture is the culture of an institution. It is precisely because of the constraints of the corporate culture, the enterprise can better together. Under the influence of corporate culture, the entire staff to have a high sense of responsibility and unity, in other words, is to have a strong executive power, and thus protect the high-speed, efficient operation, and achieve a multiplier effect. The same time, in such enterprises, employees and jointly create atmosphere, the launch of products and services with a high added value, and more likely to be accepted by consumers, by the trust. Appropriate organizational culture to the formulation of strategic management, implementation, control the correct guiding ideology and the spirit of enterprise in coordinated with corporate goals, corporate values, corporate ethics and corporate fashion, therefore, the success of the organizational culture for corporate strategy develop successful momentum, is the key to the smooth implementation of corporate strategy, is also an important condition for maintaining the corporate strategic advantage. Maintain the patency of the organizational culture and strategic management, corporate strategic management capacity to continue to improve, and ultimately improve the level of core competitiveness of enterprises. (Thompson and Martin 2005) Example: Samsung Samsung believes that to achieve the common interests of human, and to improve the work of the human quality of life for the Samsung bounden historical responsibility. As an enterprise, Samsung will create the best products and services, so that customers get the fullest satisfaction to improve the human quality of life, promote the common interests of human. (Lige 2012) 2.Organizational culture improves the success of power to strategic management. One of the necessary conditions for the success of the implementation and development of corporate strategy is the construction of the organizational culture and innovation. To form enterprise jointly owned by all members of the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and ethical standards must have excellent organizational culture, and this culture is able to highlight the characteristics of the enterprises. If a business has distinct cultural characteristics, then the particularity performance values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹for all employees, which allows businesses to form distinctive, unique corporate strategy, as well as provided the original impetus for the strategic development, and its success laid the foundation. (Hill 2012) Example: Samsung In order to achieve the ideal contribute to human society, to achieve the goal of creating the best products and services, the Samsung must on the one hand, not only have to look towards looking for more talented people in the world, but also open-minded focus on training around us creative talent on the other hand, to spare no effort to speed up the pace of investment in technology Open upgraded Samsungs technical standards to an international level. (Lige 2012) The significance of strategic management for enterprise. Establish enterprise development strategies, the objective requirements of the socialist commodity economy, the objective requirements of the market mechanism, and the requirements of the survival and development of enterprises. That is to ensure the conditions of the enterprise a decisive role in an invincible position in the competition. (Morden 2007) Planning for the future is the basic function of the enterprise development strategy, business managers must establish a strategic concept, good at predicting the future, thinking about future possible scenarios, and the impact on enterprise development, the development of enterprise program. (Morden 2007) Example Times Group in the direction of development of the planning company in the 1990s, chose the strategy of technological innovation, more than a decade, the company is developing rapidly, and now has 22 subsidiaries across the country, and set up a number of branches in Europe and the United States, the president of the company is believed to be accurate the strategy is the most basic conditions for them to win (Lige 2012) Development strategy in the implementation process, with the changes between the change of system elements, as well as elements of the development strategy must constantly modify and improved. Once enterprise development strategy is determined, all work must be carried out in accordance with the development strategy, its services, all work must reflect the basic idea and the spirit of enterprise development strategies In summary, enterprise development strategy should focus on the global and future; it is related to the survival of the enterprise, only closely linked to the strategic management of the main points from the premise to ensure the safety and scientific enterprises under the conditions of a market economy. The relationship between organizational culture and strategic management The organizational culture guide strategic choices Shared values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and behavior on behalf of the members of corporate culture, corporate mission is one of the core concept of the corporate culture, corporate mission to provide the fundamental basis for the choice of corporate strategy. Each organization should have a particularly different from the reasons for the existence of the other organizations, clear corporate mission, essential for corporate strategic management process for enterprise resource allocation can provide the basis and criteria for which mitigation and coordinating role of the enterprise within the organization has played a variety of conflicting goals for enterprise employees understand organizational goals and direction to provide opportunities to help establish unity and energetic spirit within the organization, the organizations business objectives into specific operational goals and strategic tasks to each employee. (Sheldon and Windham 2002) On the other hand, each industry has its culture, and culture tend to have a more significant difference between the industries, such as the characteristics of the IT industry is more emphasis on a relaxed environment, focusing on the innovation of the employees, focusing on each others exchanges. Every industry has its cultural identity, the basic characteristics of the industry is not going to change until there is no more revolutionary changes in this industry, it is necessary, therefore, the cultural characteristics largely determine the overall business strategy industry choose. The organizational culture is an important means of implementation of the corporate strategy Companies develop strategies need all members of the active and effective implementation. Organizational culture is to inspire people to enthusiasm, an important means to agree with the group members. Organizational culture has the motivate function. Such as enterprise implementation of employee stock ownership plan, the senior management of the stock option system, so to meet the needs of the people of wealth maximization. On the other hand, focus on creating an atmosphere of spiritual and cultural management, team building, and emotional management to meet the people identified by a common mission. (Adler N.J.2008) Organizational culture and corporate strategy must adapt to each other and coordinated An enterprises corporate culture is relatively stable, and therefore, the formulation and implementation of the corporate strategy must be adapted to the existing corporate culture, corporate culture cannot be out of the status quo. From the point of implementation of the strategy, the corporate culture is necessary to the implementation of the corporate strategy, will restrict the implementation of the corporate strategy. When the new business strategy requires a corporate culture associated with it, the the original cultural change speed is very slow, it is difficult to immediately react to the new strategy, when the original enterprise culture may be resistance to the implementation of the new corporate strategy in the strategic management process, internal turnover of old and new cultures and coordination is an important guarantee for the implementation of the strategy to be successful. (Schabracq M.2007) Example The relationship between organizational culture and strategic management -Walmart Walmart focus on people- oriented corporate culture. After decades of development, Wal-Mart has created the extremely valuable enterprise culture, which became the key to its ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Sam Walton had a paragraph saying: employees to be treated like the flowers and trees in the garden, need spiritual encouragement, promotions and favorable treatment to water them timely transplantation in order to ensure the best mix, if necessary also carefully remove the weeds in the park in order to facilitate their growth.This passage can be described as points to the essence of the Wal-Marts corporate culture Wal-Mart employees as a business partner to be treated on the relationship between managers and employees is also true sense of partnership. Almost all of the Wal-Mart managers have to spend engraved with We care about our employees package buttons, they paid great attention to listen to the views of staff. Truly treat employees as a partner in 1971, Wal-Mart has implemented a policy of profit sharing. Sam Walton believes that if the companies share profits with employees, whether by way of salary, bonus or bonuses, stock discount, then flow into the companys profits, there would be a steady stream. Because staff will use what attitude they treat to management to treat their customers. If the staff treat customer nicely, the customer will satisfied, this is the true source of chain store industry make profit. Now, Wal-Mart has more than 80% of the staff or with the aid of a profit-sharing plan, or direct ownership of the companys stock through an employee share option scheme, which t he company and the employees to form a community of interests, so that the employees are treat the company as their own business, thus, they are work harder and harder. (Ma 2010) Rise in the corporate culture as a strategic The highest state of the industry culture Integration of Form, shaped to include all the external things, including enterprise system, process, strategy, organizational structure, responsibilities and rights system, leadership style, products, etc.Shaped God substandard corporate culture was schizophrenic because the employees do not know exactly what should follow. The highest stage of the corporate culture is to through make up your mind; companies need to pursue the idea of make the culture and strategy together, enterprises should consider how to adapt to each other, including the laws of economics, ethics, human concept, put people through demand for enterprise development and social progress combine to enhance the sense of mission and responsibility. From building a corporate culture to meet the demand point of view of the people, truly reflect the people-oriented. Wal-Mart is the success of the enterprise culture rose to a typical case of the strategy for the development of its chain stores are always output from a large number of corporate culture, each employee must pre understand all the basic principles of the Wal-Mart, the kind of the standardization something rare in the world. (Ma 2010) Conclusion Strategic management and organizational culture are inseparable. They influence each other, the strategy innovation as well as organizational culture synchronization innovation. Organizational culture that is very important, but many companies are just a mere formality, and many companies are fundamentally doing not have culture. At the same time, the enterprise must understand and grasp the complementary relationship between strategic management and organizational culture can help enhance the overall quality and competitiveness, promote access to quality, sustained and healthy development. Enterprises to long-term development, we must have a development strategy, corporate culture and corporate strategy are closely linked. On the one hand a large extent can be said that culture determines the strategy, which can be divided into two levels to recognize ¼Ã…’ one of the level to the corporate mission to provide the basis for the formulation of corporate strategy. The implementation of the corporate strategy of each stage in order to achieve the strategic objectives of each stage of the enterprise, and the enterprise by the realization of the strategic objectives of each stage, the ultimate all in pursuit of the mission of the enterprise. So the corporate culture in the corporate mission to provide the fundamental basis for the formulation of corporate strategy. Strategic Enterprise Management framework, the mission to guide the strategic objectives and strategic goals to guide the entire strategic program is finalized. From another level, each industry there are indus try culture, and tend to have a more significant difference in culture between the industry, such as the culture of the manufacturing sector, there it is the industry itself, in terms of administration, it may be more stringent focus on quality management, production efficiency, discipline, and some emerging industries, such as the characteristics of the IT industry to focus more relaxed environment, focus on employees innovative, focusing on mutual exchanges. Enterprises in developing strategies, especially considering the industry choose, it must be based on the enterprise culture.

Throat cancer :: essays research papers fc

Do you know anyone with cancer more specifically throat cancer? I do and so I wanted to learn more about it. Throat cancer also known as cancer of the pharynx can be included in the group of head and neck cancers. 60,000 Americans are diagnosed with cancer from this group annually. There are more than 500,000 survivors living in the United States today. The tumors are often found on the tonsils and at the base of the tongue. Throat cancer; though, can also be found in three regions of the pharynx.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The three regions include the nasopharynx, which is the area behind the back of the throat and nose, the oropharynx, which is the base of the tongue and the tonsil region, and the hyopharynx, which is the bottom part of the throat. Alcohol use, smoking (tobacco or marijuana), and chewing tobacco can cause throat cancer. Leukoplakia, which is white spots or patches in the mouth, can be considered a risk factor. There are symptoms to throat cancer like any other disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A persistent feeling of something in the pharynx is a symptom of throat cancer. If you are having pains or having difficulty swallowing, a change of voice, or hoarseness then there is a possibility you could have throat cancer. Also throat cancer may cause an earache or it might feel like sometimes there is obstruction in your airway passage. There are many ways to treat cancer if it is needed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Several tests may be performed to diagnose the presence of cancer. An endoscopy uses a thin-lighted flexible instrument to evaluate the extent of the tumor. A suspected throat cancer must be confirmed by removing a small piece of tissue (biopsy). This tissue is sent to the laboratory for evaluation and diagnosis† (www.uihealthcare.com). Treatments for cancer include surgery, radiation therapy (intensity modulated radiation therapy or high dose radiation brachytherapy), and chemotherapy. There are alternate therapies such as naturopathic medicine, nutritional therapy, mind-body medicine, image enhancement, and spiritual support.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The best way to see if you have cancer is to consult a doctor.

The Relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

The Relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Throughout the play of "Macbeth" written by William Shakespeare there is an on-going relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. This relationship is one of the functions of the play that creates most of the actions, reactions, moods, feelings and attitudes. Macbeth's relationship with his wife was not always great. This is shown in one of there conversations; MACBETH: "We will proceed no further in this business: He hath honour'd me of late; and I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people, Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, Not cast aside so soon."(Macbeth,I,vii, ) LADY MACBETH. "Was the hope drunk Wherein you dress'd yourself? hath it slept since? And wakes it now, to look so green and pale At what it did so freely? From this time Such I account thy love. Art thou afeard To be the same in thine own act and valor As thou art in desire? Wouldst thou have that Which thou esteem'st the ornament of life, And live a coward in thine own esteem; Letting "I dare not" wait upon "I would," Like the poor cat i' the adage?"(Macbeth,I,vii, ) In these two quotes we see that there is a disagreement that continues through the entire scene. Macbeth decides that he does not want to murder Duncan and that is final and that the discussion is over. Lady Macbeth on the other hand feels that Macbeth is being a coward and that he should think about what he is doing before he makes up his mind. Slowly throughout the scene Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth that he should kill Duncan and he finally agrees. This goes to show that the relationship produces a sense of trust and openness. This is due to the fact that Macbeth listens to his wife and finally takes what she has to say into thought and carries through with it. The function of this is to create a sense of hostility amongst the audience. Everyone can't believe that Lady Macbeth is encouraging her husband to kill someone and it really makes them uncomfortable and shifts there mood of love towards Lady Macbeth to hate. This mood of the audience is highened in Act 2 Scene 2 when once again Macbeth has decided that he is going to stop what he is doing although he had already killed Duncan;